# Why Care about the "Homotopy Theory of Homotopy Theories"? (Homotopy Theories pt 4/4)

### 11 Jul 2022 - Tags: homotopy-theories

It’s time for the last post of the series! Ironically, this is the post that I meant to write from the start. But as I realized how much background knowledge I needed to provide (and also internalize myself), various sections got long enough to warrant their own posts. Well, three posts and around $8000$ words later, it’s finally time! The point of this post will be to explain what people mean when they talk about the “homotopy theory of homotopy theories”, as well as to explain why we might care about such an object. After all – it seems incredibly abstract!

Let’s get to it!

Let’s take a second to recap what we’ve been talking about over the course of these posts.

We started with relative categories. These are categories $\mathcal{C}$ equipped with a set of arrows $\mathcal{W}$ (called weak equivalences) which we think of as morally being isomorphisms, even if they aren’t actually isos in $\mathcal{C}$. The classical examples are topological spaces up to homotopy equivalence, and chains of $R$-modules up to quasiisomorphism.

In the first post, we defined the localization (or the homotopy category) $\mathcal{C}[\mathcal{W}^{-1}]$, which we get by freely inverting the arrows in $\mathcal{W}$. We say that a homotopy theory is a category of the form $\mathcal{C}[\mathcal{W}^{-1}]$ up to equivalence.

Unfortunately, homotopy categories (to use a technical term) suck. So we introduce model structures on $(\mathcal{C}, \mathcal{W})$, which let us do computations in $\mathcal{C}[\mathcal{W}^{-1}]$ using the data in $\mathcal{C}$. Model structures also give us a notion of quillen equivalence, which allow us to quickly guarantee that two relative categories present the same homotopy theory (that is, they have equivalent localizations)1.

Unfortunately again, model categories have problems of their own. While they’re great tools for computation, they don’t have the kinds of nice “formal properties” that we would like. Most disturbingly, there’s no good notion of a functor between two model categories.

We tackled this problem by defining simplicial categories, which are categories that have a space worth of arrows between any two objects, rather than just a set. We call simplicial categories (up to equivalence) $\infty$-categories.

Now, we know how to associate to each relative category $(\mathcal{C}, \mathcal{W})$ an $\infty$-category via hammock localization. Surprisingly, (up to size issues), every $\infty$-category arises from a pair $(\mathcal{C}, \mathcal{W})$ in this way. With this in mind, and knowing how nice the world of $\infty$-categories is, we might want to say a “homotopy theory” is an $\infty$-category rather than a relative category. Intuitively, the facts in the previous paragraph tell us that we shouldn’t lose any information by doing this… But the correspondence isn’t actually one-to-one. Is there any way to remedy this, and put our intuition on solid ground?

Also, in the previous post we gave a second definition of $\infty$-category, based on quasicategories! These have some pros and some cons compared to the simplicial category approach, but we now have three different definitions for “homotopy theory” floating around. Is there any way to get our way out of this situation?

To start, recall that we might want to consider two relative categories “the same” if they present the same homotopy theory. With our new, more subtle tool, that’s asking if

$L^H(\mathcal{C}_1, \mathcal{W}_1) \simeq L^H(\mathcal{C}_2, \mathcal{W}_2)$

but wait… There’s an obvious category $\mathsf{RelCat}$ whose objects are relative categories and arrows $$(\mathcal{C}_1, \mathcal{W}_1) \to (\mathcal{C}_2, \mathcal{W}_2)$$ are functors $$\mathcal{C}_1 \to \mathcal{C}_2$$ sending each arrow in $$\mathcal{W}_1$$ to an arrow in $$\mathcal{W}_2$$.

Then this category has objects which are morally isomorphic (since they have equivalent hammock localizations), but which are not actually isomorphic…

Are you thinking what I’m thinking!?

$\mathsf{RelCat}$ itself forms a relative category, and in this sense, $\mathsf{RelCat}$ becomes itself a homotopy theory whose objects are (smaller) homotopy theories!

We can do the same thing with simplicial categories (resp. quasicategories) to get a relative category of $\infty$-categories. In fact, all three of these categories admit model structures, and are quillen equivalent!

This makes precise the idea that relative categories and $\infty$-categories are really carrying the same information2!

In fact, there’s a zoo of relative categories which all have the same homotopy category as $\mathsf{RelCat}$. We say that these are models of the “homotopy theory of homotopy theories”, or equivalently, that these are models of $\infty$-categories3.

If you remember earlier, we only gave a tentative definition of a homotopy theory. Well now we’re in a place to give a proper definition!

A Homotopy Theory (equivalently, an $\infty$-category) is an object in any (thus every) of the localizations of the categories we’ve just discussed.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, we can do the same simplicial localization maneuver to one of these relative categories in order to get an $\infty$-category of $\infty$-categories!

But why care about all this?

It tells us that (in the abstract) we can make computations with either simplicial categories or quasicategories – whichever is more convenient for the task at hand. But are there any more concrete reasons to care?

Remember all those words ago in the first post of this series, I mentioned that hammock localization works, but feels somewhat unmotivated. Foreshadowing with about as much grace as a young fanfiction author, I asked if there were some more conceptual way to understand the hammock construction, which shows us “what’s really going on”.

Well what’s the simplest example of a localization? Think of the category $\Delta^1$ with two objects and one arrow:

$0 \longrightarrow 1$

Inverting this arrow gives us a category with two objects and an isomorphism between them, but of course this is equivalent to the terminal category $\Delta^0$ (which has one object and only the identity arrow).

So then how should we invert all of the arrows in $\mathcal{W}$? It’s not hard to see that this pushout, intuitively, does the job:

Here the top functor sends each copy of $\Delta^1$ to its corresponding arrow in $\mathcal{W}$, and the left functor sends each copy of $\Delta^1$ to a copy of $\Delta^0$. Then the pushout should be $\mathcal{C}$, only we’ve identified all the arrows in $\mathcal{W}$ with the points $\Delta^0$. This is exactly what we expect the (simplicial) localization to be, and it turns out that in the $\infty$-category of $\infty$-categories, this pushout really does the job!

For more about this, I really can’t recommend the youtube series Higher Algebra by Homotopy Theory Münster highly enough. Their goal is to give the viewer an idea of how we compute with $\infty$-categories, and what problems they solve, without getting bogged down in the foundational details justifying exactly why these computational tools work.

Personally, that’s exactly what I’m looking for when I’m first learning a topic, and I really appreciated their clarity and insight!

With that last example, we’re finally done! This is easily the most involved (series of) posts I’ve ever written, so thanks for sticking through it!

I learned a ton about model categories and $\infty$-categories while researching for this post, and I’m glad to finally have a decent idea of what’s going on. Hopefully this will be helpful for other people too ^_^.

Stay safe, all, and I’ll see you soon!

1. Note, however, that while most examples of two model categories with the same homotopy theory come from quillen equivalences, this does not have to be the case. See here for an example.

2. When I was originally conceiving of this post, I wanted this to be the punchline.

The “homotopy theory of homotopy theories” is obviously cool, but it wasn’t clear to me what it actually did. I was initially writing up this post in order to explain that I’ve found a new reason to care about heavy duty machinery: Even if it doesn’t directly solve problems, it can allow us to make certain analogies precise, which we can maybe only see from a high-abstraction vantage point.

Fortunately for me, but unfortunately for my original outline for this post, while writing this I’ve found lots of other, more direct, reasons to care about this theory! So I’ve relegated this original plan to the footnote you’re reading… right. now

3. See Juila Bergner’s A Survey of $(\infty,1)$-Categories (available here) for more.